B.A. prog 1st year political science important questions of 2012. Students of Delhi university can check out imp questions of b.a. prog 1st year of pol.sci. from Stufftab.com..
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Ques 1.What is politics?
Ans. A layman thinks of Politics in terms of public meetings, processions, slongs, demonstrations and strikes etc. As well as elections accompanied by false promises and false reports on their fulfilment. That is why he regards it as a dirty game or dirty business. Political activities to the common man include political propaganda, poster war, promises, and the populist politics of mobilization of larze crowds hired for a day for rallies etc. But people in general do not think systematically about politics.
They do not think of theortical problems like the relationships between state and the society, state and government etc. They do not know much about various politics ideologies. Politics as a subject of study is quite systematic and polemical. The word 'Politics' itself is derived from greek word 'polis' which denoted the ancient greek citizens in their role as members of the state were termed by the state were termed by greek thinkers as 'politics'. According to the Greek thinkers, politics is the total study of amn, society, state morality etc.Ans. A layman thinks of Politics in terms of public meetings, processions, slongs, demonstrations and strikes etc. As well as elections accompanied by false promises and false reports on their fulfilment. That is why he regards it as a dirty game or dirty business. Political activities to the common man include political propaganda, poster war, promises, and the populist politics of mobilization of larze crowds hired for a day for rallies etc. But people in general do not think systematically about politics.
Greek philiosophers were more concerned with 'ought' and less with 'is' they were primarily concerned with 'ideals' rather than with 'reality'. They never belived in the equality of man by birth. They refused any right to citizens against the state and society, According to them, the state is not man-made but is a natural creation. It is the most perfect from of society organisation and has a separate and independent existence of its own. And, according to them, there is no distinction between the state and society.
Roman thinkers-After these great Greek Philosophers, Roman thinkers like polybins and cicero also contributed to Political Thought, Theory and Practice. The Christian philosophers, St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, discussed the relationships of the Church with the state, and the religion which politics. modern Political thinking begins with machiavelli and Boding and has been enriched by the thoughts and writing of thinkers like Hobbes, Lenin, Gramsci, Mao etc. All these philosophers and writers discussed politics for different angles and explained various aspects of politics. However, for a long time politics remained a part of general philiosophy. It was established as a separate and distinct subject only in the last decades of the 19th century. With the advent of democracry and democractic ideas in Europe, politics has come out from the court of kings, the world of the rich and propertied classes and has grasped the life and mind of the common man.
These are three views on Politics:-
I.Liberal View
'Politics as a process of conflict resolutuion'
II.Marxian View.
'Politics as an Instument of Class domination' or 'Class interests are Irreconcilabel'
III.Communitarian View.
'Politics is Instrumental to the pursuit of the common good'
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I.Liberal View
'Politics as a process of conflict resolutuion'
II.Marxian View.
'Politics as an Instument of Class domination' or 'Class interests are Irreconcilabel'
III.Communitarian View.
'Politics is Instrumental to the pursuit of the common good'
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Questions formate:-
1)Expalin 'Politics as an Instrument of Class domination'?
2)What is Politics? How far Politics helps in reconciling Conflisting Interests in a polity? Elucidate.
3)Explain 'Politics is instrumental to the pursuit of the common good'.
1)Expalin 'Politics as an Instrument of Class domination'?
2)What is Politics? How far Politics helps in reconciling Conflisting Interests in a polity? Elucidate.
3)Explain 'Politics is instrumental to the pursuit of the common good'.
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Note:- Students can give more explanation of this answer.. and for information refer your Political theory and thought text book written by O.P. gaubha. These notes are only for B.a. prog 1st year Delhi university students. All the question Which are given here are very Important questions for your syallbus and exam preprations. So keep on sight on these notes.. updated on regulary basis. The content writer is also a student of Delhi University and has Passed these Exams so, She is updating for B.a. prog D.U. students. Do best in studies. And in Exam also. Best of luck... :))
Note:- Students can give more explanation of this answer.. and for information refer your Political theory and thought text book written by O.P. gaubha. These notes are only for B.a. prog 1st year Delhi university students. All the question Which are given here are very Important questions for your syallbus and exam preprations. So keep on sight on these notes.. updated on regulary basis. The content writer is also a student of Delhi University and has Passed these Exams so, She is updating for B.a. prog D.U. students. Do best in studies. And in Exam also. Best of luck... :))
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Que 2. Political theory, its nature, significance, charateristics and relevance discuss.
Ans. Political theory really falls into two broad alternative disciplens. On the one hand it tends now-a-days to a connote a philosophical examination of the meaning and logic of Political values, as for example, with the perennial topic of the basis of one's obligation to obey the state. In doing so it concerns itself mainly with the 'ought' questions like 'what should be', at the heart of political belief.
Ans. Political theory really falls into two broad alternative disciplens. On the one hand it tends now-a-days to a connote a philosophical examination of the meaning and logic of Political values, as for example, with the perennial topic of the basis of one's obligation to obey the state. In doing so it concerns itself mainly with the 'ought' questions like 'what should be', at the heart of political belief.
On the other had it is increasingly political research. Thus, political theory is trying to weld together the insights, data and understandings of those who study the actuality of political life with a coherent, explanatory theory of politicail behaviour. This will make Political theory capable of generating predictions too. thus, ideally, Political theory should probably be difened as trying to combine the empirical truths to about human political reactions with the moral truths of what is politically desirable by designing such institutuions and constitutions. That is clearly a massive job, perhaps never capable of more than limited achievement, but it is increasingly the goal of a united and coherent political theory.
Theory refers to a systematic knowledge and political refers to 'matters of public concern'. So, at the general level, it is a 'systematic body of knowledge relates to the phenomena of state.
According to David Held, " Political theory is a network of concepts and generalizations about political life involving ideas, assumptions and statements about the nature, purpose and key features of government, state and societ, and about the political capabilities of human beings.
On the basis of above definition, we can conclude that political theory is concerned with the the systematic study of the phenomena of state both in philosophical and empirical terms.
According to David Held, " Political theory is a network of concepts and generalizations about political life involving ideas, assumptions and statements about the nature, purpose and key features of government, state and societ, and about the political capabilities of human beings.
On the basis of above definition, we can conclude that political theory is concerned with the the systematic study of the phenomena of state both in philosophical and empirical terms.
Nature and Charavteristics:- It is an attempt to unravel the mysteries of man's political life from plato onwards, and all of them have become parts of political theory.
Its task is also to suggest the ways to change the society. All the political theories from plato to the present day reflact a distinct ideology and political values of writer. It may also be disciplane-based. different Political issues have been dominant in political theories in different epochs.
Its task is also to suggest the ways to change the society. All the political theories from plato to the present day reflact a distinct ideology and political values of writer. It may also be disciplane-based. different Political issues have been dominant in political theories in different epochs.
Significance:- The significance of political theory ies in its understanding 7 explains the political realites and, It also provides the moral criteria and the basis of the state and its institutions and proposes the alternative political arrangements and practices to suit the moral standards. the significance of political theory also lies in evolving various doctrines and approaches to understand the concepts like liberty, equality, Justice and property etc. Morover, contemporary nation-states are facing a lot of problems which are very challenging and many threaten the very existence of these state. If not solved. These are the problems of poverty, unemployment, population-explosion, corruption, racial, ethnic ans communal tension, rise of fundamentalism and terrorism in many parts of the owrld, ecological imbalance and may more.
The singificance of political theory lies in studying and analysing more profoundly than others, these immediate and potential problems of political life of the society and to supply the practical politician with an alternative course of action, the consequences of which have been fully thought of. This task of political theorists become more important because in the absense of the systematic study, there is every possibilty of politics being left to the self-seeking and ignorance power-brokers, who will use it to serve their own selfish and vested interests.
Relevance of political theory:- Political theory despit of classifications has its own relevance.
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Que 3. Marshall's conception of citizenship.
Ans. According to Marshall citizenship is a principle of equality and its development is linear. He said that citizenship has two basis:- (i). Man has equal status in society, and (ii).Due to eual status he has equal rights. He further states that if all the people have equal rights in a society then class-conflict has little place in that society.
According to Marshall there are three types of citizens rights-civil rights, political rights and social rights. Marshall calls them the three elements of citizenship.
Three elements of citizenships:-
1)civil elements of citizenship:Marshall presents the picture of the development of civil rights originated in england. Marshall writes in his book 'Reflections of power 1969'-civil rights thought vested in individual are used to create groups, associations, corporations and movements of every knid.' Civil rights are rights to expression, right to acquire, prossess and dispose off property, right to organise and assemble, right to lead life in a religious community of one's choice, right to equality before law etc.
2)Political elements of citizenship: Marshall proves that with the development of political rights opportunity was secured to contribute in the information of political shape of the nation throught partnership in political power.
3)Socil elements of citizenship:By social elements of citizenship Marshall means socio-economic security. In the present world every state provides socio-economic security to its citizens according to its ability.
Ans. According to Marshall citizenship is a principle of equality and its development is linear. He said that citizenship has two basis:- (i). Man has equal status in society, and (ii).Due to eual status he has equal rights. He further states that if all the people have equal rights in a society then class-conflict has little place in that society.
According to Marshall there are three types of citizens rights-civil rights, political rights and social rights. Marshall calls them the three elements of citizenship.
Three elements of citizenships:-
1)civil elements of citizenship:Marshall presents the picture of the development of civil rights originated in england. Marshall writes in his book 'Reflections of power 1969'-civil rights thought vested in individual are used to create groups, associations, corporations and movements of every knid.' Civil rights are rights to expression, right to acquire, prossess and dispose off property, right to organise and assemble, right to lead life in a religious community of one's choice, right to equality before law etc.
2)Political elements of citizenship: Marshall proves that with the development of political rights opportunity was secured to contribute in the information of political shape of the nation throught partnership in political power.
3)Socil elements of citizenship:By social elements of citizenship Marshall means socio-economic security. In the present world every state provides socio-economic security to its citizens according to its ability.
Besides the rights of the citizens Marshall also discusses the duties of citizens. He says that rights should be used dutifully.
According to Marshall," The growth of citizenship is stimulated both by the struggle to win those rights and by their enjoyment when won.
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According to Marshall," The growth of citizenship is stimulated both by the struggle to win those rights and by their enjoyment when won.
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Que 4.Explain participatory democracy. Identify some of its limitations.
Ans. In modern times democratic institutions have taken birht in England. Afterwards it spread in other countries like America, France, India etc.
The concept of democracy, which has been called liberal by the communist thinkers has in fact, developed with the development of political thought at various times. In ancient times Aristotle supportes the idea of limited democracy. In Greece, there was direct democracy in small city states, though political rights were not given to some categories of residents-slaves and women etc.
Ans. In modern times democratic institutions have taken birht in England. Afterwards it spread in other countries like America, France, India etc.
The concept of democracy, which has been called liberal by the communist thinkers has in fact, developed with the development of political thought at various times. In ancient times Aristotle supportes the idea of limited democracy. In Greece, there was direct democracy in small city states, though political rights were not given to some categories of residents-slaves and women etc.
Medieval time was the dark age from democratic point of view.
The modern times specially in the 17th century Hobbes supported this basis concept of democracy that the state and government are organised by man.
In the 20th century, the best developed form of democracy came to the forefront. Lindsey, Hobhouse,Barker, Laski, Maclver, Vilfredo, Gaetano Mosca, Rober Michels and James Burnhan etc. established the various forms of liberal democracy.
The modern times specially in the 17th century Hobbes supported this basis concept of democracy that the state and government are organised by man.
In the 20th century, the best developed form of democracy came to the forefront. Lindsey, Hobhouse,Barker, Laski, Maclver, Vilfredo, Gaetano Mosca, Rober Michels and James Burnhan etc. established the various forms of liberal democracy.
Participatory democracy has four forms:-
1)Classical liberal theory of democracy.
2)Elitist theory of Democracy.
3)Pluralist theory of democracy.
4)Concept of peoples democracy.
1)Classical liberal theory of democracy.
2)Elitist theory of Democracy.
3)Pluralist theory of democracy.
4)Concept of peoples democracy.
Though the participator democracy is appreciated and it is called the real representation system of the public. But it has some limitations-
1)Imporatance of wealth increase.
2)Lack of knowledge.
3)Discard to national interest.
4)Representation possible only for major interests.
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1)Imporatance of wealth increase.
2)Lack of knowledge.
3)Discard to national interest.
4)Representation possible only for major interests.
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Que 5. Explain the relevance of Kautilya's theory of the state in contemporary times.
Ans. Kautilyan concept of state is very broad. Kautilya being a practical and rational thinker spent no time in discussing the origin of state and dealt directly with the concept of state. Kautilyan state is very exhaustive in its functions. It can be called as welfare state. The state of kautilya also took measures to provides avenues of employment to a large body of inhabitants.
Kautilya on the one hand, accepts the joint family system and on the other hand, forced the individual's responsibilty towards his family, these views of Kautilya's theory of state is very relevant in contemporary times. the fact that countries act in their own self-interest was a timeless principle of kautilys's Arthashastra.
The kautilyan theory of state is very meticulous, exhaustive and comprehensive. It explains not only the administration of the state but also explains the relationship with foreign states.
Arthashastra speaks less about the politics and deals with various aspects of the administration of the state in detail, yet it provides necessary proposal and propostions for the removal of hindrances from the path of progress and development of the state.
Ans. Kautilyan concept of state is very broad. Kautilya being a practical and rational thinker spent no time in discussing the origin of state and dealt directly with the concept of state. Kautilyan state is very exhaustive in its functions. It can be called as welfare state. The state of kautilya also took measures to provides avenues of employment to a large body of inhabitants.
Kautilya on the one hand, accepts the joint family system and on the other hand, forced the individual's responsibilty towards his family, these views of Kautilya's theory of state is very relevant in contemporary times. the fact that countries act in their own self-interest was a timeless principle of kautilys's Arthashastra.
The kautilyan theory of state is very meticulous, exhaustive and comprehensive. It explains not only the administration of the state but also explains the relationship with foreign states.
Arthashastra speaks less about the politics and deals with various aspects of the administration of the state in detail, yet it provides necessary proposal and propostions for the removal of hindrances from the path of progress and development of the state.
Saptanga theory of state by Kautilya:-
Kautilya has described the structure of the state in his saptanga or 'seven-organ' theory of the state.
The state is comprsied of seven elements. These elements are so closely connected with each other as if they are different organs of a single body, they are called 'organs' of the state. The organs of a body like eyes,ears,hands,legs etc are not capable of independent existence, and the body too would become crippled or dead, if these organs are removed. Similarly, the organs of the state cannot exist outside the state, and if any of these organs is destroyed, the state would become dead. In order to give a touch of reality to this metaphor,Kautilya has drwan parallels between the organs of the state and corresponding organs of human body.
Accordingly,
1)Swami (the king himself) is equivalent to head in the body.
2)Amatya (the minister) represents eyes of the states.
3)Suhrid (thr friend or ally ) represents ears of the state.
4)Kosha (The tresure) is the mouth of the state.
5)Sena (the army) represents the brain of the state.
6) Durga (the fort) represents the arms of the states.
7)Pura or janapada (the territory and the population) represents legs of the state.
Thus the seven-organs theory of the state not only depicts the organic form of the state, but also describes appropriate functions of each organ of the state. Morever, it also enumerates the essential elements of the state. In other words, a state can exist and function properly only if it comprehends the king, the minister, the ally, the tresure, the army, the fort and the territory plus population.
Kautilya has described the structure of the state in his saptanga or 'seven-organ' theory of the state.
The state is comprsied of seven elements. These elements are so closely connected with each other as if they are different organs of a single body, they are called 'organs' of the state. The organs of a body like eyes,ears,hands,legs etc are not capable of independent existence, and the body too would become crippled or dead, if these organs are removed. Similarly, the organs of the state cannot exist outside the state, and if any of these organs is destroyed, the state would become dead. In order to give a touch of reality to this metaphor,Kautilya has drwan parallels between the organs of the state and corresponding organs of human body.
Accordingly,
1)Swami (the king himself) is equivalent to head in the body.
2)Amatya (the minister) represents eyes of the states.
3)Suhrid (thr friend or ally ) represents ears of the state.
4)Kosha (The tresure) is the mouth of the state.
5)Sena (the army) represents the brain of the state.
6) Durga (the fort) represents the arms of the states.
7)Pura or janapada (the territory and the population) represents legs of the state.
Thus the seven-organs theory of the state not only depicts the organic form of the state, but also describes appropriate functions of each organ of the state. Morever, it also enumerates the essential elements of the state. In other words, a state can exist and function properly only if it comprehends the king, the minister, the ally, the tresure, the army, the fort and the territory plus population.
In modern times, all these elements are not deemed to be necessary for existence of a state. Of these, only the first (the king or the sovereign) and the last elements ( territory plus population) are considered to be indispensable some elements include in this scheme of things constitute to the general category of 'Government'. Thus modern western political theory identifies four elements of the state: population, territory,government and sovereignty. other elements enumerated by Kautilya cannot be regarded as the basic condition for the existence of the state. Minister is only one part of the government. Ally may be acquired by proper conduct of foreign affairs.
Treasure, Army and Fort constitute. finance and Defence departments of the Government. They cannot be treated as independent elements of the state. In a nutshell, the 'seven-organs' theory of the state represents of the state and organic theory of the state as prevalent in modern times.
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Que 6. Critically analyse periyar's views on the notion of self respect.
Ans. The fundamental and indispensable political philosophy of periyar E.V. Ramaswamy was that all men and women should live with self-respect, dignity and have equal opportunities to develop their physical,mental and moral faculties. periyar was the founder of the self-respect movement.
Periyar Independtly launched a party by the name self-respect movement, to fight against the domination of the Brahmins and them assault the non-brahmins.
The aim of the movement is very clear and that is to establish a classless and castless societyand annihilate all prevalent social evils. Periyar was very keen to break the fetters of supersition created by the upper caste. He also fought for the right of the women and said that woman must be given the property rights in her husband's property.
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Que 6. Critically analyse periyar's views on the notion of self respect.
Ans. The fundamental and indispensable political philosophy of periyar E.V. Ramaswamy was that all men and women should live with self-respect, dignity and have equal opportunities to develop their physical,mental and moral faculties. periyar was the founder of the self-respect movement.
Periyar Independtly launched a party by the name self-respect movement, to fight against the domination of the Brahmins and them assault the non-brahmins.
The aim of the movement is very clear and that is to establish a classless and castless societyand annihilate all prevalent social evils. Periyar was very keen to break the fetters of supersition created by the upper caste. He also fought for the right of the women and said that woman must be given the property rights in her husband's property.
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